What
I Hear I Forget
What
I See I Remember
What
I Do I Understand
Audio
Visual Aids – Definition
•
Audio
Visual Aids are anything by means of which learning process may be encouraged
or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight. - Good’s Dictionary
of Education
•
Audio
Visual Aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience
more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic. - Kinder,
S.James
Audio Visual Technology-Meaning
•
Basic
learning experiences are received by the pupil through senses.
•
Sense
organs are gate ways to knowledge.
•
Most
of such experiences are enter through one’s eyes and ears.
•
Materials
that help to make learning experience clear by appealing to these senses are
called Audio Visual Aids.
•
The
effective application of Audio Visual Aids
is known as the Audio Visual Technology.
Psychology of using Audio Visual Aids
Research done by COBUN
(1968) indicates that generally we LEARN:
•
1
% through TASTE
•
1.5
% through TOUCH
•
3.5
% through SMELL
•
11
% through HEARING
•
83
% through SIGHT
Research
done by COBUN (1968) indicates that generally we Remember:
•
10
% of what we READ
•
20
% of what we HEAR
•
30
% of what we SEE
•
50
% of what we HEAR and SEE
•
70
% of what we SAY
•
90
% of what we SAY and DO
Advantages of Audio Visual Aids
•
Help
to learn more and remember for long.
•
Motivate
the learner.
•
Give
clarity to learning.
•
Give
reality and vividness to learning situations.
•
Make
abstract concrete.
•
Reduce
verbalism.
•
Provide
variety in methods of teaching and learning.
•
Make
learning interesting meaningful and permanent.
•
Develop
deeper understanding.
•
Arouse
curiosity and self activity.
•
Saving
of energy and time.
•
Spread
of education on a mass scale.
Characteristics of a Good Teaching Aids
•
They
should be meaningful and purposeful
•
They
should be accurate in every respect
•
They
should be simple
•
They
should be cheap
•
As
far as possible, they should be improvised.
•
They
should be large enough to be properly seen by the students for whom they are
meant.
•
They
should be up to date
•
They
should be easily portable
•
They
should be according to the mental level of the student.
•
They
should be motivating the learner.
General Principles of using Audio Visual Aids
Principle of selection
•
They
should suit the age –level, grade level and other characteristics of the
learners.
•
They
should have educational value besides being interesting and motivating.
•
They
should be the true representation of the real things.
•
They
should help in the realization of desired learning objectives.
Principle of preparation
•
As
far as possible, locally available materials should be used in the preparation
of an aid.
•
The
teachers should receive some training in the preparation of aids.
•
The
teachers themselves should prepare some of the aids.
•
Students
may be associated in the preparation of aids.
Principle of Physical control
•
This
principle relates to the arrangement of keeping aids safely and also to
facilitate their lending to the teachers for use.
Principle of proper presentation
•
Teaches
should carefully visualize the use of teaching aids before actual presentation.
•
Adequate
care should be taken to handle an aid in such a way as no damage is done to it.
•
The
aid should be displayed properly so that all the students are able to see it.
•
As
far as possible, distraction of all kind should be eliminated so that full
attention may be paid to the aid.
Principle of response
•
This
principle demands that the teachers guide the students to response actively to
the audio-visual stimuli so that they derive the maximum benefit in learning.
Principle of Evaluation
•
This
principle stipulates that there should be continuous evaluation of both the
audio-visual material and accompanying techniques in the light of the
realization of the desired objectives.
Learning Experience
•
AV
Aids is meant for providing effective learning experiences.
•
Learning
experiences can be three levels:
Direct Experience
•
Learning
experiences that are obtained through the immediate sensory contact with real
objects.
–
Eg:
Doing an Experiment, Visiting a factory etc.
Vagarious Experience
•
Whenever
direct experience is either impossible or undesirable due to hazards we
represent the real situation in the form of models or images.
•
Experience
gained by observing models, Pictures, charts, films etc. are said to be
vicarious in nature.
Symbolic Experience
•
Symbolic
experiences are offered through verbal symbols – oral or written
•
The
teacher codes the original items in to symbols and passes it on to pupils.
•
Then
pupils decode the symbols back into the original image.
Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience
•
Edgar
Dale has classified and arranged Audio Visual Experience in the form of
pinnacle which is called the Cone of Experience.
•
“The
one of Experience is merely a visual aid in explaining the inter relationships
of the various types of audio-visual materials, as well as their individual
positions in the learning process”
Direct and Purposeful Experience
•
It
is the experience gained through direct contact with the senses: handling,
touching, smelling etc.
Contrived Experience
•
A
contrived experience is an imitation of reality.
•
It
is like a working model, which is a replica of reality and differs from the original
in either size or complexity.
Dramatization
•
Dramatization
is means by which certain real events are presented so that we can get as close
to reality as possible.
•
The
experience is more meaningful when one actively participates merely watch it.
Demonstration
•
In
this form the students gets the experience by seeing how certain things are
performed by the teacher.
Demonstration
•
In
demonstration the students take a back seat role and become passive observers.
Field trip
•
An
on-the-spot study of the aspect by bringing the students face-to-face with
reality.
•
It
is the bridge between the school and community.
•
By
field trip students get first hand experience with phenomena and aspects which
cannot be brought into the classroom.
Exhibition
•
By
exhibition, the outside world is brought into the room in the form of exhibits
and concrete representation of things.
•
Exhibits
consist of working model, chart, replica, specimen etc.
•
Students
are passive observers.
Television
•
TV
brings the real events as it happens.
Motion Pictures
•
Motion
Pictures present abs abstract version of the real event.
•
The
motion pictures can dramatize events effectively and make the experience as
close to reality as possible.
Still Pictures
•
Still
pictures provide only visual experience.
•
They
can be either projected on to a screen by means of projection machines and accessory
equipments or given for individual study.
Visual Symbols
•
Black
Boards, Charts, Graphs, Photographs, Pictures, are abstract substitute of
reality.
•
Here
the communication is by means of visual symbol.
Verbal Symbol
•
Verbal
symbol are more abstract in nature.
•
There
are two types of verbal symbol namely written symbol and spoken symbol
Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience- please not
this
•
.
The most effective experience are placed at the bottom of the cone and those
considered least effective are placed at the top
•
The
arrangements are based on increasing abstractness.
•
As
we go down the cone, concreteness increases and is maximum at the base.
•
The
cone device should not be constructed as an accurate, systematic and
hierarchical arrangement of learning experience.
o
Eg.
Field trip provides rich and first-hand experience to children, and as such, it
ought to find its right place along with ‘direct, purposeful experience’
instead of its fifth place in the cone of experience,
Classification Of Audio Visual Aids
1. Projected
Aids
•
A
projected aid is one which items to be observed is projected on a screen using electronic
or Mechanical device.
•
Very
effective because movements can be added to sound and hence a realistic
experience can be provided.
1.1
Film & Film Projector
•
Films
in the form of motion pictures.
•
Films
enrich learning by presenting a series of meaningful experience involving
motion.
•
Can
enlarge or reduce the actual size of the object to suit the need.
2.1
Film strips &
Film strip Projector
•
A
film strip is piece of non-inflammable safely film, 35 mm wide.
•
Length
may vary according to requirement and can be up to about one meter.
•
One
film strip may contain 10 to 50 pictures frames.
•
The
pictures in film strip may constitute a connected series of drawings,
photographs, diagrams or combination of these and illustrated a single
sequence.
•
The
pictures may in color or in black or white.
•
Some
films strips are accompanied by commentary recorded separately, such film
strips is called sound film strip.
3.1
Slides & Slide
Projector
•
The
pictures or diagrams which are drawn in suitable medium is called slide. (Glass
or Transparency)
•
Slide
can be enlarged by projecting it on a screen with a slide projector.
•
Slide
projector is an instrument equipped with a powerful light source and a carrier
for holding slides of suitable size.
•
Some
slide projectors uses drums in which many slides can be loaded in proper
sequence in advance.
•
It
is also possible to record the narration in a tape recorder that could be
hooked up to the projector in such a way as to give the necessary commentary
without the help of the teacher.
4.1
Episcope & Epidia scope
•
Episcope
is used for the projection of opaque objects.
•
Pictures,
photographs, drawings or an opaque material within the size of the platform of
the episcope can be projected using Episcope.
•
Episcope
used to enlarge book diagrams and illustrate complex pictures.
•
During
Epi-projection the class room should be totally darkened in order to get a
clear and bright image.
•
Epidiascope
can project opaque as well as transparent objects.
5.1
OHP
•
This
is called Over Head Projector because it projects the image behind and over the
head of the teacher.
•
The
transparent visual is placed on a horizontal platform at the top of the light
source.
•
The
teacher can place the transparent plate on the platform and write or draw on it
anything that is to be visualized using suitable pen.
6.1
Television
•
TV
is very exciting and efficient means of mass communication.
•
Educational
Television programmes aims at education rather than entertainment.
•
One
teacher or specialist can render teaching session and pass information to
million of viewers all over the world.
7.1
LCD Projector
•
LCD
(Liquid Cristal Display) is the most advanced and sophisticated projected aid.
•
In
the area of educational technology, we can replace all other projected and non
projected aids with only a single LCD projector and computer system.
•
Can
present a topic by using computer made slide, graphs, pictures, video clips,
movies and special effect.
2. Non-Projected
Aids
2.1
. Graphic Aids
•
Graphic
Aids are visual aids such as graphs, diagrams, charts etc.
•
They
can be conveying the message by a combination of written and pictorial visuals
that could be made meaningful by suitable captions.
•
The
criteria for good graphics are that they should be simple, legible and brief.
2.1.1 Graphs
• Normally used to
represent the nature of the relation of two dependent variables.
• Different types of
graphs are
1.
Line
graph 2. Bar graph 3
Pie graph
2.1.2 Diagrams
• Used to explain many
factors at the same time, by using a variety of symbol and labels
• Diagrams can explain
facts more vividly than charts
2.1.3 Posters
• Posters are bold and
attractive representation of an idea or concept and usually given in color.
• Poster catches the eye
and conveys the desired message.
2.1.4 Maps
• A map is an accurate
representation of the boundaries and other details of continents, countries
etc. on a plane, in the form of a diagram drawn to scale.
• A variety of
geographical details like location of mountains and rivers, altitude of places,
important cities and other places etc. can be represented accurately with
reference to a convenient scale and following suitable color scheme.
1.
Different
types of maps that are used in classroom:
i. Geographical Maps
ii. Historical Maps
iii. Industrial Maps
iv. Political Maps
2.1.5 Cartoons
• A cartoon is a
metaphorical, humorous and exaggerated caricature of a person or situation in
the form of a picture or sketch.
2.1.6 Comics
• A comic strip is a
form of cartoon depicting a story in sequence.
• The events are
arranged in the proper order in a attractive pictorial form that is normally
appealing to lower age groups.
2.1.7 Flash cards
• Flash cards are an aid
used in language lesson, especially in the lower class.
• The card containing
the reading material is exhibited for a few seconds only. Then it is removed and
the feedback attempted.
2.1.8 Pictures and Photographs
• Pictures and
photographs play a significant role in making ideas clear and comprehensive.
2.1.9
charts
• A chart may be defined
as a combination of graphics and pictorial media designed for the orderly and
logical visualizing of relationship between key fact and ideas
• Different types of
charts are:
i. Display chart
ii. Flow chart
iii. Tabular chart
iv. Tree chart
v. Time chart
2.2
Display Boards
• Display categorized
into tree main types according to the function to the functions they perform
o
Motivational Display: Display that
attracts and appeal pupils and stimulates their curiosity is called
motivational displays.
o
Developmental Displays: Displays
that ass information and ensure active involvement of pupils in the development
of lesson is called developmental displays.
o
Summery Display: Displays that are
used for review and consolidation of a lesson are called summary display.
2.2.1 Black Board
• Most basic, widely
used tool for display
• Teaching cannot be
successful without proper use of a Black Board.
• Black Board planning
is a precious skill to be developed by a teacher.
2.2.2 Roll-Up-Board
• Roll-Up-Board is that
which can be conveniently rolled up.
• These are usually made
of thick rexin cloth.
• The charts and
pictures can be drawn on it advance and presents as and when required.
2.2.3 Peg Board
• To display flat and
three dimensional materials
• Use hooks and clips to
display materials.
2.2.4 Hook and Loop Board
• Intended to suspend
heavy 3-D objects as well as flat materials.
• Objects can be easily
fixed and removed.
2.2.5 Flannel Board
• Flannel cloth used to
make this board.
2.2.6 Magnetic Board
• A sheet of iron that
attracts a piece of magnet can be used for magnetic board.
2.2.7 Plastigraph Board
• Any smooth polished
surface like rigid plastic sheet amt serves as plastigraph board.
2.2.8 Bulletin Board
• Used to display
bulletin, News items, announcement etc.
2.2.9 Marker Board
• Large plastic board
suitable for writing or drawing with markers.
• This can be used the
same way as chalk boards.
• It can be sometimes
used as a projection screen also.
2.3
Three Dimensional Aids
2.3.1 Models
• Models are concrete
representations of objects.
• Size should be
suitable
• There are two types of
model
i.
Working
model ii. Static
(still) model
• Working model is more
effective than static model
2.3.2 Objects
• Objects may be defined
as the real things from their natural settings.
• Eg. Rock, Coin, stamp
etc.
2.3.3 Specimen
• A specimen may be
defined as a typical objects or part of an object which has been removed for
conviient observation.
• It may be a
representative of a class or group of similar objects.
2.3.4 Mock-ups
• A mock-up is an
operating model usually of a process, designed to be worked with directly by
the learner for specific training or analysis.
• When direct first hand
experience is either impractical or impossible, mock-up can be used.
• Mock-ups is an imitation
of the real process. Eg.
Mock Parliament
2.3.5 Diorama
• A diorama is a three
dimensional scene in depth, incorporating a group of modeled objects and
figures in a natural settings.
• A diorama scene is set
up on a small stage with a group of modeled objects that are kept on the
foreground and blended into a painted realistic background.
• For representation of
depth, object kept at the background are made considerably smaller to create
illusion.
2.3.6 Puppets
• Different types of
puppets are used to make the learning object more realistic.
• Most commonly used
puppets are hand puppets, glove puppets, finger puppets, rode puppets, string
puppets, and shadow puppets etc.
2.4
Audio Aids
2.4.1 Radio
• It is powerful medium
for mass communication.
• Programmes meat for
teachers as well as pupils is available.
• Help the teacher to
supplement classroom instruction.
2.4.2 Tape recorder
• A Tape recorder is
used to record sound on magnetic tape which can be reproduces many times as
possible.
2.4.3 Public Address System
• Public address system
is very effective when the teacher handling large number of students at the
same time.
• Public Address System
can be used for supplement other Audio Aids.
3. Activity Aids
3.1 Field Trip and Excursions
• Excursions usually
involve a tour by a person or a group of person to some selected lace.
• An excursion
undertaken for gathering objective based learning experience is study tour.
• The tour made by a
group is often known as Field Trip
• Provides direct
experience leading to effective understanding.
3.2 Exhibition
• In exhibition variety
of items exhibits related to teaching and learning.
• Exhibitions are
effective modes of mass communication and instruction.
• Special talents of the
pupil get revealed and creativity can be fostered.
• Helps to communicate
novel ideas to children, their parents and the general public.
3.3 Demonstration
• It is a technique
which is often used by all teachers.
• Ideas, skills,
attitudes and process can be demonstrated.
• Demonstration should
be purposeful, simple, specific and effective.
• Demonstration should
be planned and rehearsed well in advance.
• If demonstration
designed by the co-operative activity of pupil and teaches, it will be more
effective.
3.4 Dramatization
• Dramatization gives a
reality and concreteness to learning experience.
• Gives opportunity for
self expression
• Very useful for the
subject like social science and languages.
• Since emotional
content is strong, it help in the development of interest, attitude and values.
3.5 Museum
• Museum is powerful
medium for public education.
• Museums are
repositories with an array of educational materials including rare specimens a
variety of objects arranged in a logical order.
3.6 Planetarium
• A planetarium consist
of essentially of a dome usually mounted on the ceiling of a hall to represents
the sky.
• A special projector is
used to display images of the celestial bodies on the dome.
• The viewers who are
seated below can see the projected images that can be appear to be realistic.
• The projector consists
of various individual units for projecting the sun, the moon, the planets and
the stars.
• Taped narration and sound
effects adds to the effectiveness of the presentation.
3.7 Aquarium
• Aquarium consists of
glass tanks filled with water in which aquatic creatures are kept in naturally.
• Pupils can observe the
natural behavior of the creatures.
• If a school aquarium
is constructed and maintained by the pupils they get very valuable learning
experience related to various aspects of life science.
3.8 Terrarium
• Terrarium is an
arrangement for presenting the creatures living on the surface and below the surface
of the earth for study purpose.
• It is an enclosure,
usually a tank. Used for rearing plants or animals under natural conditions.
3.9 Vivarium
• It is live corner
arranged in school or at home where creatures living in the air are grown and
reared.
• It provides
opportunity for an unlimited amount of spontaneous, undirected observation and
enjoyment.
